![]() ![]() The government conceded that the reason for differential treatment was that it was cheaper and easier to presume wives as dependent on their husbands than to require husbands to prove their wife’s dependency. This would typically be granted automatically if a male applied for increased benefits for himself and his wife regardless of dependency status, but Frontiero was denied because she could not demonstrate that her husband was dependent on her for more than half of his support. ![]() The Court concluded that Idaho law violated Sally’s right to equal protection but stopped short of the application of strict scrutiny Ginsburg had argued for.Īir Force Lieutenant Sharron Frontiero sought increased housing and medical allowances for herself and her husband. In her amicus brief with the ACLU, Ginsburg argued that the law discriminating on the basis of sex created a suspect classification requiring strict scrutiny. The court rejected Sally’s request and issued letters of administration to Cecil based on the Idaho state law requiring when “several persons claiming and equally entitled to administer, males must be preferred to females.” Prior to her hearing date, Cecil filed a competing petition. Upon his death, Sally applied to the county court to be appointed administrator of her son’s estate. Sally and Cecil Reed shared custody of their adopted son, Skip. By relying on their antiquated 1992 guidelines and discarding medical evidence of significant intellectual disability, the CCA’s application of the death sentence for Moore was held to be in violation of the 8th Amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment. “ The Briseno factors ‘create an unacceptable risk that persons with intellectual disability will be executed’”. In Ginsburg’s majority opinion, she incisively outlined the CCA’s errors. Moore appealed to the Supreme Court for relief. Despite testimony from several mental health experts and IQ tests that indicated “significantly sub-average general intellectual function”, the Criminal Court of Appeals (CCA) in Texas determined that under precedent established in a 1992 case, Ex Parte Briseno, Moore was not intellectually disabled and sentenced him to death. In 2009, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which amended Title VII to reset the 180 day statute of limitations with each paycheck as Ginsburg had implored.īobby Moore fatally shot a store clerk during a botched robbery. She may have little reason even to suspect discrimination until a pattern develops incrementally and she ultimately becomes aware of the disparity.” She appealed to Congress to right the Court’s “cramped interpretation of Title VII”. Ginsburg dissented, “ Having received a pay increase, the female employee is unlikely to discern at once that she has experienced an adverse employment decision. The Supreme Court ruled that Ledbetter had filed her lawsuit too late: she had failed to file a complaint within 180 days of each instance Goodyear Tire failed to increase her pay at a rate commensurable with her male counterparts. Ledbetter sued, alleging that she was paid an unfairly low salary because of her sex, a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. After nearly 20 years at the company, she was paid over $500 per month less than the lowest paid male supervisor. However, her pay began to slip in relation to other supervisors over time. Lily Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire whose initial salary was in line with her male counterparts. Ginsburg wrote in an opinion that excluding all women based on " generalizations about ‘the way women are,’ estimates of what is appropriate for most women, no longer justify denying opportunity to women whose talent and capacity place them outside the average description.”Ģ007: Ledbetter v. Virginia challenged the order but the Supreme Court ruled that they had not demonstrated “exceedingly persuasive justification” for denying women equal opportunity. Since its 1839 inception, VMI admitted exclusively male cadets until the Justice Department ordered them to admit women in 1990. ![]() Virginia Military Institute is a public military college known for its uniquely adversative environment of rigid military discipline whose graduates have gone on to become university presidents, chief executives in the private sector and hold high public office. Once seated on the bench, she became well-known for her powerful dissents and continual push for equality. Prior to her 1993 appointment by President Bill Clinton, Ginsburg had won 5 of her 6 cases that were heard by the Supreme Court. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was both a skilled litigator and iconic Justice on the nation’s highest court. ![]()
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